powderИзвестия вузов. Порошковая металлургия и функциональные покрытияPowder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings (Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional'nye Pokrytiya)1997-308X2412-8767НИТУ "МИСИС"10.17073/1997-308X-2026-1-5-14powder-1096Research ArticleСамораспространяющийся высокотемпературный синтезSelf-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS)Исследование влияния количества титана в расплаве меди на структуру полученного CBC-инфильтрацией композита TiC–C–Сu(Ti)Influence of titanium content in a copper melt on the structure of a TiC–C–Cu(Ti) composite produced by SHS infiltrationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-6899УмеровЭ. Р.UmerovE. R.

Эмиль Ринатович Умеров – к.т.н., вед. науч. сотрудник кафед­ры металловедения, порошковой металлургии, наномате­риалов (МПМН)

Россия, 443100, г. Самара, ул. Молодогвардейская, 244

Emil R. Umerov – Cand. Sci (Eng.), Leading Researcher, Department of Metal Science, Powder Metallurgy, Nanomaterials (MPMN)

244 Molodogvardeyskaya Str., Samara 443100, Russia

umeroff2017@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2071-3521ЛатухинЕ. И.LatukhinE. I.

Евгений Иванович Латухин – к.т.н., доцент кафедры МПМН

Россия, 443100, г. Самара, ул. Молодогвардейская, 244

Evgeny I. Latukhin – Cand. Sci (Eng.), Associate Professor, Department of MPMN

244 Molodogvardeyskaya Str., Samara 443100, Russia

evgelat@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3940-9511КондратьеваЛ. А.KondratievaL. A.

Людмила Александровна Кондратьева – д.т.н., профессор кафедры МПМН

Россия, 443100, г. Самара, ул. Молодогвардейская, 244

Lyudmila A. Kondratieva – Dr. Sci (Eng.), Professor, Department of MPMN

244 Molodogvardeyskaya Str., Samara 443100, Russia

schiglou@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-7583-0960КургузоваА. С.KurguzovaA. S.

Анастасия Сергеевна Кургузова – студент факультета машиностроения, металлургии и транспорта

Россия, 443100, г. Самара, ул. Молодогвардейская, 244

Anastasia S. Kurguzova – Student, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy and Transport

244 Molodogvardeyskaya Str., Samara 443100, Russia

nastykrg2210@gmail.comСамарский государственный технический университетРоссияSamara State Technical UniversityRussian Federation202603042026201514Copyright © НИТУ "МИСИС", 20262026НИТУ "МИСИС"НИТУ "МИСИС"https://powder.misis.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1096

Приведены результаты исследований по получению композитов с медной матрицей, армированных зернами TiC и содержащими частицы графита, в режиме самораспространяющегося высокотемпературного синтеза (СВС) карбида титана с последующей инфильтрацией расплава Cu–Ti в горячий каркас TiC–графит. Образцы изготавливали прессованием порошковых смесей в виде двухслойного цилиндрического брикета: верхний слой – Cu + Ti, нижний – (Ti + C) + графит. При нагревании реакция горения инициировалась в нижнем слое образца, где происходили образование пористого карбида титана и последующая его инфильтрация медно-титановым расплавом из верхнего слоя. В результате СВС-инфильтрации были получены композиты TiC–C–Cu(Ti). С помощью методов электронной микроскопии и энергодисперсионной спектрометрии установлено, что изменение содержания Ti в Cu-расплаве влияет на структуру композита, вызывая неоднородность состава металлической матрицы и изменение морфологии частиц TiC. Карбид титана формировался в виде многогранных частиц, что указывает на его нестехиометрический состав (Ti:C ≈ 1:0,7÷1:0,4) вследствие взаимодействия Ti, растворенного в расплаве, с ранее образовавшимся карбидом титана. Кроме того, медно-титановый расплав реагировал с частицами графита, образуя слой частиц карбида титана на межфазной границе. Таким образом, благодаря присутствию титана в меди химическое взаимодействие медного расплава с TiC–C-каркасом, обеспечивало хорошее смачивание и самопроизвольную инфильтрацию расплава Cu–Ti в СВС-каркас TiC–C. Твердость медно-титановой матрицы достигала 55,1 HRC, что обусловлено упрочнением за счет растворения титана в меди.

Copper-matrix composites reinforced with TiC grains and containing graphite particles were fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of titanium carbide followed by infiltration of a Cu–Ti melt into a hot TiC–graphite skeleton. The samples were produced by pressing powder mixtures into bilayer cylindrical compacts: the upper layer consisted of Cu + Ti, while the lower layer contained (Ti + C) + graphite. During heating, combustion was initiated in the lower layer, resulting in the formation of porous titanium carbide and its subsequent infiltration by the Cu–Ti melt from the upper layer. As a result of SHS infiltration, TiC–C–Cu(Ti) composites were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectro­scopy (EDS) revealed that variation in the Ti content of the Cu melt significantly affect the composite structure, leading to heterogeneity of the metallic matrix composition and changes in the morphology of TiC particles. Titanium carbide formed as polyhed­ral particles, indicating its non-stoichiometric composition (Ti:C ≈ 1:0.7÷1:0.4) as a result of the interaction between titaniumi dissolved in the melt and previously formed TiC. In addition, the Cu–Ti melt reacted with graphite particles, forming a layer of TiC at the interface. The presence of titanium in copper therefore promotes chemical interaction between the copper melt and the TiC–C skeleton, ensuring good wetting and spontaneous infiltration of the Cu–Ti melt into the SHS-derived TiC–C skeleton. The Cu–Ti matrix exhi­bited a hardness of up to 55.1 HRC, which is attributed to solid-solution strengthening by titanium dissolved in copper.

карбид титанамедьграфитинтерметаллидмедно-титановый расплавинфильтрациясамораспространяющийся высокотемпературный синтез (СВС)композитtitanium carbidecoppergraphiteintermetallic compoundscopper-titanium meltinfiltrationself-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS)compositeИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-79-10187.The study was supported byеру the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 24-79-10187.ReferencesLiang Y.H., Wang H.Y., Yang Y.F., Wang Y.Y., Jiang Q.C. Evolution process of the synthesis of TiC in the Cu–Ti–C system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2008;452(2):298–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.024Liang Y.H., Wang H.Y., Yang Y.F., Wang Y.Y., Jiang Q.C. Evolution process of the synthesis of TiC in the Cu–Ti–C system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2008;452(2):298–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.024Haimin D., Qing L., Xianlong W., Xiaoliang F., Matthew K., Nicolas G., Chong L. Effects of boron addition on the microstructure and properties of in situ synthesis TiC reinforced Cu–Ti–C composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018;766:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.327Haimin D., Qing L., Xianlong W., Xiaoliang F., Matthew K., Nicolas G., Chong L. Effects of boron addition on the microstructure and properties of in situ synthesis TiC reinforced Cu–Ti–C composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018;766:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.327Rambo C.R., Travitzky N., Zimmermann K., Greil P. Synthesis of TiC/Ti–Cu composites by pressureless reactive infiltration of TiCu alloy into carbon preforms fabricated by 3D-printing. Materials Letters. 2005;59(8-9):1028–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.11.051Rambo C.R., Travitzky N., Zimmermann K., Greil P. Synthesis of TiC/Ti–Cu composites by pressureless reactive infiltration of TiCu alloy into carbon preforms fabricated by 3D-printing. Materials Letters. 2005;59(8-9):1028–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.11.051Zhang R., He X.B., Liu Q, Qu X.H. Improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of graphite flake/Cu composites by introducing TiC coating on graphite flake surface. Metals. 2019;9(5):519–536. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050519Zhang R., He X.B., Liu Q, Qu X.H. Improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of graphite flake/Cu composites by introducing TiC coating on graphite flake surface. Metals. 2019;9(5):519–536. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050519Rao P.P., Kumar J.P., Rahul R. Production of copper metal matrix composite through powder metallurgy route. International Journal of Engineering Sciences Technology and Research. 2017;4(12):855–864.Rao P.P., Kumar J.P., Rahul R. Production of copper metal matrix composite through powder metallurgy route. International Journal of Engineering Sciences Technology and Research. 2017;4(12):855–864.Akhtar F., Askari S.J., Shah K.A., Du X.L., Guo S.J. Micro­structure, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and wear behavior of high volume TiC reinforced Cu-matrix composites. Materials Characterization. 2009; 60(4):327–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.09.014Akhtar F., Askari S.J., Shah K.A., Du X.L., Guo S.J. Microstructure, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and wear behavior of high volume TiC reinforced Cu-matrix composites. Materials Characterization. 2009; 60(4):327–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.09.014Rathod S., Modi O.P., Prasad B.K., Chrysanthou A., Vallauri D., Deshmukhd V.P., Shah A.K. Cast in situ Cu–TiC composites: synthesis by SHS route and characterization. Materials Science and Engineering: А. 2009; 502(1-2):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.10.002Rathod S., Modi O.P., Prasad B.K., Chrysanthou A., Vallauri D., Deshmukhd V.P., Shah A.K. Cast in situ Cu–TiC composites: synthesis by SHS route and characterization. Materials Science and Engineering: А. 2009; 502(1-2):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.10.002Tjong S.C., Ma Z.Y. Microstructural and mechanical cha­racteristics of in situ metal matrix composites. Materials Science and Engineering: А. 2000;29(3):49–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(00)00024-3Tjong S.C., Ma Z.Y. Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of in situ metal matrix composites. Materials Science and Engineering: А. 2000;29(3):49–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(00)00024-3Mao W.J., Yamaki T., Miyoushi N., Shnozaki N., Ozawa T. Wettability of Cu-Ti alloys on graphite in diffe­rent placement states of copper and titanium at 1373 K (1100 °C). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. 2015;46(5):2262–2272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2803-xMao W.J., Yamaki T., Miyoushi N., Shnozaki N., Ozawa T. Wettability of Cu-Ti alloys on graphite in different placement states of copper and titanium at 1373 K (1100 °C). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. 2015;46(5):2262–2272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2803-xFrage N., Froumin N., Aizenshtein M., Kutsenko L., Fuks D., Dariel M.P. Reactive wetting in titanium carbide/non-reactive metal systems. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science. 2005;9(4-5):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2006.02.008Frage N., Froumin N., Aizenshtein M., Kutsenko L., Fuks D., Dariel M.P. Reactive wetting in titanium carbide/non-reactive metal systems. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science. 2005;9(4-5):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2006.02.008Lei G., Yang Y., Xiaochun W., Han G., Zhe W., Zhan­cheng G. Synthesis of Cu-based TiCx composites viain-situ reaction between CuxTi melt and dissolvable solid carbon. Powder Technology. 2020;362:375–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2019.11.122Lei G., Yang Y., Xiaochun W., Han G., Zhe W., Zhancheng G. Synthesis of Cu-based TiCx composites viain-situ reaction between CuxTi melt and dissolvable solid carbon. Powder Technology. 2020;362:375–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2019.11.122Boutefnouchet H., Curfs C., Triki A., Boutefnouchet A., Vrel D. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis mechanisms within the Ti–C–Ni system: A time resolved X-ray diffraction study. Powder Technology. 2012; 217:443–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.10.061Boutefnouchet H., Curfs C., Triki A., Boutefnouchet A., Vrel D. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis mechanisms within the Ti–C–Ni system: A time resolved X-ray diffraction study. Powder Technology. 2012; 217:443–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.10.061Liang Y.H., Zhao Q., Zhang Z.H., Li X.J., Ren L.Q. Preparation and characterization of TiC particulate locally reinforced steel matrix composites from Cu–Ti–C system with various C particles. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 2014;2(3):281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.06.001Liang Y.H., Zhao Q., Zhang Z.H., Li X.J., Ren L.Q. Preparation and characterization of TiC particulate locally reinforced steel matrix composites from Cu–Ti–C system with various C particles. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 2014;2(3):281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.06.001Yunhong L., Zhiwu H., Zhaohua L., Luquan R. Study on the reaction behavior of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of TiC ceramic in the Cu–Ti–C system. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2012;35:221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.06.002Yunhong L., Zhiwu H., Zhaohua L., Luquan R. Study on the reaction behavior of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of TiC ceramic in the Cu–Ti–C system. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2012;35:221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.06.002Zarrinfar N., Kennedy A.R., Shipway P.H., Saidi A. Effects of Ti powder size and ignition method onproducts of SHS reaction in Cu–Ti–C system. Powder Metallurgy. 2003;46(2):154–158. https://doi.org/10.1179/003258903225005303Zarrinfar N., Kennedy A.R., Shipway P.H., Saidi A. Effects of Ti powder size and ignition method onproducts of SHS reaction in Cu–Ti–C system. Powder Metallurgy. 2003;46(2):154–158. https://doi.org/10.1179/003258903225005303Umerov E., Amosov A., Latukhin E., Kiran K.U.V., Choi H., Saha S., Roy S. Fabrication of MAX phase composites by novel combustion synthesis and spontaneous metal melt infiltration: Structure and tribological behaviors. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2024;26(8):2301792. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202301792Umerov E., Amosov A., Latukhin E., Kiran K.U.V., Choi H., Saha S., Roy S. Fabrication of MAX phase composites by novel combustion synthesis and spontaneous metal melt infiltration: Structure and tribological behaviors. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2024;26(8):2301792. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202301792Амосов А.П., Латухин Е.И., Умеров Э.Р. Применение процессов инфильтрации и самораспространяющегося высокотемпературного синтеза для получения керметов. Обзор. Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия. 2021;27(6):52–75. https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2021-6-52-75Amosov A.P., Latukhin E.I., Umerov E.R. Applying infiltration processes and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis for manufacturing cermets: А review. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals. 2022;63(1):81–100. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821222010047Амосов А.П., Латухин Е.И., Умеров Э.Р. Способ получения керамико-металлических композиционных материалов: Патент 2733524 (РФ). 2020.Amosov A.P., Latukhin E.I., Umerov E.R. Method for producing ceramic-metal composite materials: Patent 2733524 (RF). 2020. (In Russ.).Xavior M.A., Kumar J.P.A. Machinability of hybrid me­tal matrix composite: A review. Procedia Engineering. 2017;174:1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.264Xavior M.A., Kumar J.P.A. Machinability of hybrid metal matrix composite: A review. Procedia Engineering. 2017;174:1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.264Su Y., Zhang Y., Song J., Hu L. Tribological behaviour and lubrication mechanism of self-lubricating ceramic/metal composites: The effect of matrix type on the friction and wear properties. Wear. 2017;372–373:130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WEAR.2016.12.005Su Y., Zhang Y., Song J., Hu L. Tribological behaviour and lubrication mechanism of self-lubricating ceramic/metal composites: The effect of matrix type on the friction and wear properties. Wear. 2017;372–373:130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WEAR.2016.12.005Miranda-Lopez A., Leon-Patino C.A. Effect of graphite addition on wear behaviour of hybrid Cu/TiC–Gr infilt­rated composites. Wear. 2021;484–485:203793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203793Miranda-Lopez A., Leon-Patino C.A. Effect of graphite addition on wear behaviour of hybrid Cu/TiC–Gr infiltrated composites. Wear. 2021;484–485:203793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203793Bai-Xin D., Hong-Yu Y., Feng Q., Qiang L., Shi-Li Sh., Bing-Qi Zh., Qi-Chuan J. Design of TiCx nanoparticles and their morphology manipulating mechanisms by stoichiometric ratios: Experiment and first-principle calculation. Materials & Design. 2019;181:107951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107951Bai-Xin D., Hong-Yu Y., Feng Q., Qiang L., Shi-Li Sh., Bing-Qi Zh., Qi-Chuan J. Design of TiCx nanoparticles and their morphology manipulating mechanisms by stoichiometric ratios: Experiment and first-principle calculation. Materials & Design. 2019;181:107951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107951Haimin D., Weiwen Ch., Qing L., Huiqiang W., Ce H., Hao­ran J., Jinfeng W., Tiejun C. Microstructure evolution of Cu–TiC composites with the change of Ti/C ratio. Results in Physics. 2019;14:102369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102369Haimin D., Weiwen Ch., Qing L., Huiqiang W., Ce H., Haoran J., Jinfeng W., Tiejun C. Microstructure evolution of Cu–TiC composites with the change of Ti/C ratio. Results in Physics. 2019;14:102369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102369

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.