<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">powder</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Порошковая металлургия и функциональные покрытия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings (Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional'nye Pokrytiya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-308X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8767</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/1997-308X-2017-3-75-82</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">powder-309</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Применение порошковых материалов и функциональных покрытий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Application of Powder Materials and Functional Coatings</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МИКРОДИФРАКЦИОННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФАЗОВОГО СОСТАВА СЛОЯ, НАПЛАВЛЕННОГО ПРОВОЛОКОЙ НА СТАЛЬ HARDOX 450</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MICRODIFFRACTION PHASE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF LAYER DEPOSITED ON HARDOX 450 STEEL BY WIRE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. техн. наук, доц., зав. кафедрой технологии металлов и авиационного материаловедения, 443086, г. Самара, ул. Московское шоссе, 34;</p><p> гл. науч. сотр. управления научных исследований, 654007, г. Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Associate professor, Head of the Department of metals technology and aviation materials, 443086, Samara, Moskovskoye Shosse, 34;</p><p>Chief researcher, Scientific Department, 654007, Novokuznetsk, Kirova str., 42</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksv@ssau.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кормышев</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kormyshev</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер кафедры физики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer of the Physics Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">89236230000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. физ.-мат. наук, проф., заведующий кафедрой физики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys. Math.), Prof., Head of the Physics Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Ю. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Yu. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. физ.-мат. наук, проф., гл. науч. сотрудник, 634021, г. Томск, пр. Академический, 2/3;</p><p>вед. науч. сотрудник лаборатории низкотемпературной плазмы, 634050. г. Томск, пр. Ленина, 36</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys. Math.), Prof., Leading researcher, Laboratory of plasma emission electronics, 634021, Tomsk, Akademicheskii av., 2/3;</p><p>Leading researcher, Laboratory of low-temperature plasma, 634050, Tomsk, Lenina av., 36</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yufi55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капралов</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapralov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, инженер кафедры физики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Engineer, Physics Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С.П. Королева (Самарский университет);&#13;
Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет (СибГИУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara National Research University;&#13;
Siberian State Industrial University (SibSIU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет (СибГИУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>SibSIU</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сильноточной электроники (ИСЭ) СО РАН;&#13;
Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет (НИ ТГУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of High Current Electronics Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (IHCE SB RAS);&#13;
National Research Tomsk State University (NR TSU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коновалов С.В., Кормышев В.Е., Громов В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Капралов Е.В., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коновалов С.В., Кормышев В.Е., Громов В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Капралов Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konovalov S.V., Kormyshev V.E., Gromov V.E., Ivanov Y.F., Kapralov E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/309">https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/309</self-uri><abstract><p>Проведены одинарная и перекрестная (двойная) наплавки на сталь Hardox 450 порошковой проволокой состава C–Mn–Si–Cr–Nb–W и выполнен анализ микротвердости, фазового состава и дефектной субструктуры наплавленных слоев. Получен профиль микротвердости при удалении от поверхности. Показано, что в результате формирования наплавки образуется высокопрочный поверхностный слой с микротвердостью 10,2 ГПа. При большем удалении от поверхности наплавленного слоя микротвердость материала уменьшается до 6 ГПа. Увеличение количества наплавленных слоев до 2 приводит к утолщению упрочненного слоя. Показано, что величина микротвердости в нем практически не зависит от количества наплавленных слоев. Методами просвечивающей электронной дифракционной микроскопии выполнено исследование фазового состава и дефектной субструктуры наплавленного слоя. Показано, что толщина упрочненного слоя изменяется от 6,0–6,5 до 7,5 мм при одинарной и двойной наплавках. Установлено, что повышение микротвердости наплавленного слоя объясняется формированием многофазной субмикро- и наноразмерной структуры, упрочнение которой обусловлено закалочным эффектом и наличием включений карбида ниобия субмикронных размеров, морфология которых существенным образом зависит от места образования в структуре стали. Выявлено, что зона контакта наплавки и основного металла подобна структуре исходной стали, однако упрочнение переходного слоя связано с наличием частиц карбидных фаз, сформированных элементами порошковой проволоки.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper describes single and crosswise (double) surfacing of Hardox 450 steel using the C–Mn–Si–Cr–Nb–W flux-cored wire, and the analysis of the microhardness, phase composition, and defective substructure of built-up layers. The microhardness profile is obtained at a distance from the surface. It is shown that a high-strength surface layer with a microhardness of 10,2 GPa is formed as a result of surfacing. Material microhardness decreases to 6 GPa at a greater distance from the surface of the built-up layer. An increase in the number of built-up layers up to 2 causes thickening of the hardened layer. The paper shows that the microhardness value of this layer does not depend on the number of built-up layers of the weld flux-cored wire. The paper describes the study of the phase composition and defective substructure of a built-up layer by transmission electronic diffraction microscopy methods. It is shown that the thickness of the hardened layer varies from 6,0–6,5 to 7,5 mm for single and double surfacing. It was found that the increase in the built-up layer microhardness was attributable to the formation of a multiphase submicro- and nanosized structure with hardening preconditioned by the hardening effect and the presence of submicron-sized niobium carbide inclusions, the morphology of which essentially depended on the place of formation in the steel structure. It was found that the contact area between the surfacing and the base metal was similar to the structure of the original steel, but hardening of the transition layer occurred due to the presence of carbide phase particles formed by elements of the flux-cored wire.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сталь Hardox 450</kwd><kwd>порошковая проволока</kwd><kwd>наплавка</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>микротвердость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hardox 450 steel</kwd><kwd>flux-cored wire</kwd><kwd>surfacing</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>microhardness</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zamulaeva E.I., Levashov E.A., Skryleva E.A., Sviridova T.A., Kiryukhantsev-Korneev P.V. Conditions for formation of MAX phase Cr2AlC in electrospark coatings deposited onto titanium alloy // Surf. Coat. Technol. 2016. Vol. 298. P. 15—23. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.04.058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamulaeva E.I., Levashov E.A., Skryleva E.A., Sviridova T.A., Kiryukhantsev-Korneev P.V. Conditions for formation of MAX phase Cr2AlC in electrospark coatings deposited onto titanium alloy. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2016. Vol. 298. P. 15—23. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.04.058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shtansky D.V., Sheveiko A.N., Petrzhik M.I., KiryukhantsevKorneev F.V., Levashov E.A., Leyland A., Yerokhin A.L., Matthews A. Hard tribological Ti—B—N, Ti—Cr—B—N, Ti—Si—BN— and Ti—Al—Si—B—N coatings // Surf. Coat. Technol. 2005. Vol. 200. No. 1—4. P. 208—212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shtansky D.V., Sheveiko A.N., Petrzhik M.I., Kiryukhantsev-Korneev F.V., Levashov E.A., Leyland A., Yerokhin A.L., Matthews A. Hard tribological Ti—B—N, Ti—Cr—B—N, Ti—Si—B—N and Ti—Al—Si—B—N coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2005. Vol. 200. No. 1—4. P. 208—212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лозован А.А., Франгулов С.В., Чулков Д.В. Исследование состава и структуры многослойных нанопокрытий, напыленных на внутренние поверхности труб импульсным лазерным осаждением // Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования. 2010. No. 6. С. 88—91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lozovan A.A., Frangulov S.V., Chulkov D.A. Structure and composition analysis of multilayer nanocoating deposited onto inner surfaces of tubes by pulsed laser deposition. J. Surf. Invest. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques. 2010. Vol. 4. No. 3. P. 530—533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лигачев А.Е., Колобов Ю.Р., Жидков М.В., Голосов Е.В., Потемкин Г.В., Ремнев Г.Е. Влияние импульсных ионных пучков на изменение субмикрокристаллической структуры приповерхностных слоев аустенитной стали // Физика и химия обработки материалов. 2015. No. 1. С. 19—25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ligachev A.E., Kolobov Yu.R., Zhidkov M.V., Golosov E.V., Potemkin G.V., Remnev G.E. Pulsed ion beam induced changes in a submicrocrystalline structure of the near surface layers of austenite steel. Inorgan. Mater.: Appl. Res. 2016. Vol. 7. No. 3. Р. 325—329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramazanov K.N., Zolotov I.V., Khusainov Y.G., Khusnutdinov R.F. Improving the operating properties of parts of titanium alloys by surface hardening in high density plasma of glow discharge // J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2015. Vol. 652. No. 1, art. No. 012055. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/652/1/012055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramazanov K.N., Zolotov I.V., Khusainov Y.G., Khusnutdinov R.F. Improving the operating properties of parts of titanium alloys by surface hardening in high density plasma of glow discharge. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2015. Vol. 652. No. 1, art. No. 012055. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/652/1/012055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Budilov V.V., Ramazanov K.N., Zolotov I.V., Khucnutdinov R.F., Starovoitov S.V. Ion nitriding of titanium alloys with a hollow cathode effect application // J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev. 2015. Vol. 8. No. 6. (Spec. iss.). P. 22—24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budilov V.V., Ramazanov K.N., Zolotov I.V., Khucnutdinov R.F., Starovoitov S.V. Ion nitriding of titanium alloys with a hollow cathode effect application. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev. 2015. Vol. 8. No. 6. (Spec. iss.). P. 22—24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Блинков И.В., Волхонский А.О., Аникин В.Н., Скрылева Е.А. Мультислойные наноструктурные покрытия TiAlN/ZrNbN/CrN, получаемые методом ARCPVD, для режущего твердосплавного инструмента // СТИН. 2012. No. 5. С. 18—24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blinkov I.V., Volkhonskii A.O., Anikin V.N., Skryleva E.A. Multilayer TiAlN/ZrNbN/CrN nanocoatings obtained by the Arc-PVD method for hard-alloy cutting tools. Russ. Eng. Research. 2012. Vo. 32. No. 11—12. P. 740—745. DOI: 10.3103/S1068798X12110056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blinkov I.V., Volkhonskii A.O., Kuznetsov D.V., Skryleva E.A. Investigation of structure and phase formation in multilayer coatings and their thermal stability // J. Alloys Compounds. 2014. Vol. 586. No. 1. P. S381—S386. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.11.159</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blinkov I.V., Volkhonskii A.O., Kuznetsov D.V., Skryleva E.A. Investigation of structure and phase formation in multilayer coatings and their thermal stability. J. Alloys Compounds. 2014. Vol. 586. No. 1. P. S381—S386. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.11.159</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levashov E.A., Zamulaeva E.I., Pogozhev Y.S., Kurbatkina V.V. Nanoparticle dispersion strengthened WC—C based coatings on Ti-alloy produced by sequential chemical reaction assisted pulsed electrospark deposition // Plasma Processes and Polymers. 2009. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. S102—S106. DOI: 10.1002/ppap.200930401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levashov E.A., Zamulaeva E.I., Pogozhev Y.S., Kurbatkina V.V. Nanoparticle dispersion strengthened WC—C based coatings on Ti-alloy produced by sequential chemical reaction assisted pulsed electrospark deposition. Plasma Processes and Polymers. 2009. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. S102—S106. DOI: 10.1002/ppap.200930401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петржик М.И., Левашов Е.А. Современные методы изучения функциональных поверхностей перспективных материалов в условиях механического контакта // Кристаллография. 2007. Т. 52. No. 6. С. 1002—1010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrzhik M.I., Levashov E.A. Modern methods for investigating functional surfaces of advanced materials by mechanical contact testing. Crystallogr. Rep. 2007. Vol. 52. No. 6. P. 966—974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левашов Е.А., Штанский Д.В., Кирюханцев Корнеев Ф.В., Петржик М.И. Современное состояние в области получения и исследования функциональных наноструктурированных покрытий // Проблемы черн. металлургии и материаловедения. 2009. No. 1. С. 65—88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levashov E.A., Shtanskij D.V., Kirjuhancev Korneev F.V., Petrzhik M.I. Sovremennoe sostojanie v oblasti poluchenija i issledovanija funkcional’nyh nanostrukturirovannyh pokrytij [Current status in the field of preparation and research of functional nanostructured coatings]. Problemy chernoj metallurgii i materialovedenija. 2009. No. 1. P. 65—88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elagina O.Y., Gusev V.M., Buklakov A.G., Gantimirov B.M. Study of the wear-resistance of coatings from clad powders under sliding friction with boundary lubrication // J. Frict. Wear. 2015. Vol. 36. No. 3. P. 218—222. DOI: 10.3103/S1068366615030046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elagina O.Y., Gusev V.M., Buklakov A.G., Gantimirov B.M. Study of the wear-resistance of coatings from clad powders under sliding friction with boundary lubrication. J. Frict. Wear. 2015. Vol. 36. No. 3. P. 218—222. DOI: 10.3103/S1068366615030046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okovity V.A., Shevtsov A.I., Okovity V.V., Astashynski V.M., Kostyukevich E.A. Parameters optimization for plasma spraying and pulsed plasma treatment of surface layers of gas-thermal composite coatings based on multifunctional oxide ceramics // High Temp. Mater. Process. 2014. Vol. 18. No. 1—2. P. 45—62. DOI: 10.1615/HighTempMatProc.2015014363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okovity V.A., Shevtsov A.I., Okovity V.V., Astashynski V.M., Kostyukevich E.A. Parameters optimization for plasma spraying and pulsed plasma treatment of surface layers of gas-thermal composite coatings based on multifunctional oxide ceramics. High Temp. Mater. Process. 2014. Vol. 18. No. 1—2. P. 45—62. DOI: 10.1615/HighTempMatProc.2015014363.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arai M., Suidzu T. Porous ceramic coating for transpiration cooling of gas turbine blade // J. Thermal Spray Technol. 2013. Vol. 22. No. 5. P. 690—698. DOI: 10.1007/s11666-013-9883-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arai M., Suidzu T. Porous ceramic coating for transpiration cooling of gas turbine blade. J. Thermal Spray Technol. 2013. Vol. 22. No. 5. P. 690—698. DOI: 10.1007/s11666-013-9883-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geras’kina V.V., Baldaeva S.L., Puzryakova A.F., Baldaev L.K.H. Increasing the service life of components by gas thermal spraying of nanostructured materials // Weld. Int. 2011. Vol. 25. No. 3. P. 221—223. DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2010.540876.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geras’kina V.V., Baldaeva S.L., Puzryakova A.F., Baldaev L.K.H. Increasing the service life of components by gas thermal spraying of nanostructured materials. Weld. Int. 2011. Vol. 25. No. 3. P. 221—223. DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2010.540876.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu Q., Lei Y.-C., Chen X.-Z., Ren W.-J., Ju X., Ye Y.-M. Microstructure and mechanical properties in TIG welding of CLAM steel // Fusion Eng. Design. 2011. Vol. 86. No. 4—5. P. 407—411. DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.03.070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu Q., Lei Y.-C., Chen X.-Z., Ren W.-J., Ju X., Ye Y.-M. Microstructure and mechanical properties in TIG welding of CLAM steel. Fusion Eng. Design. 2011. Vol. 86. No. 4—5. P. 407—411. DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.03.070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konovalov S., Chen X., Sarychev V., Nevskii S., Gromov V., Trtica M. Mathematical modeling of the concentrated energy flow effect on metallic materials // Metals. 2017. Vol. 7. No 1. DOI: 10.3390/met7010004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalov S., Chen X., Sarychev V., Nevskii S., Gromov V., Trtica M. Mathematical modeling of the concentrated energy flow effect on metallic materials. Metals. 2017. Vol. 7. No 1. DOI: 10.3390/met7010004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lei Y.-c., Yuan W.-j., Chen X.-z., Zhu F., Cheng X.-n. In-situ weld-alloying plasma arc welding of SiCp/Al MMC // Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China (Eng. Ed.). 2007. Vol. 17. No 2. P. 313—317. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(07)60091-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei Y.-c., Yuan W.-j., Chen X.-z., Zhu F., Cheng X.-n. In-situ weld-alloying plasma arc welding of SiCp/Al MMC. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China (Eng. Ed.). 2007. Vol. 17. No 2. P. 313—317. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(07)60091-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громов В.Е., Горбунов С.В., Иванов Ю.Ф., Воробьев С.В., Коновалов С.В. Формирование поверхностных градиентных структурно-фазовых состояний при электронно-пучковой обработке нержавеющей стали // Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования. 2011. No. 10. С. 62—67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Gorbunov S.V., Ivanov Y.F., Vorobiev S.V., Konovalov S.V. Formation of surface gradient structural-phase states under electron-beam treatment of stainless steel. J. Surf. Invest. 2011. Vol. 5. No. 5. P. 974—978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poletika I.M., Krylova T.A., Tetyutskaya M.V., Makarov S.A. Formation of the structure of wear-resisting coatings in electron beam deposition of tungsten carbide // Weld. Int. 2013. Vol. 27. No. 7. P. 508—515. DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2012.715946.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poletika I.M., Krylova T.A., Tetyutskaya M.V., Makarov S.A. Formation of the structure of wear-resisting coatings in electron beam deposition of tungsten carbide. Weld. Int. 2013. Vol. 27. No. 7. P. 508—515. DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2012.715946.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалов С.В., Кормышев В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Тересов А.Д. Электронно-пучковая модификация упрочненного слоя, сформированного на стали Hardox 450 электроконтактной наплавкой проволоки системы Fe—С—V—Cr—Nb—W // Письма о материалах. 2016. Т. 6. No. 4. С. 350—354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalov S.V., Kormyshev V.E., Ivanov Y.F., Teresov A.D. Electron-beam processing of the hardened layer formed on Hardox 450 steel electric-wire welding system Fe—C—V—Cr—Nb—W. Lett. Mater. 2016. Vol. 6. No. 4. P. 350—354. DOI: 10.22226/2410-3535-2016-4-350-354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капралов Е.В., Райков С.В., Будовских Е.А., Громов В.Е., Ващук Е.С., Иванов Ю.Ф. Структурно-фазовые состояния и свойства покрытий, наплавленных на поверхность стали порошковыми проволоками // Изв. РАН. Сер. физ. 2014. Т. 78. No. 10. С. 1266—1272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapralov E., Raikov S., Budovskikh E., Gromov V., Vashuk E., Ivanov Yu. Structural phase states and properties of coatings welded onto steel surfaces using powder. Bulletin of the Russian academy of sciences. Physics. 2014. Vol. 78. No. 10. P. 1015—1021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popova N., Nikonenko E., Ivanov Yu., Gromov V., Budovskikh E., Raikov S., Kapralov E., Vashuk E. Structure and properties of wear-resistant weld deposit formed on martensitic steel using the electric-arc method // Adv. Mater. Res. 2014. Vol. 1013. P. 194—199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova N., Nikonenko E., Ivanov Yu., Gromov V., Budovskikh E., Raikov S., Kapralov E., Vashuk E. Structure and properties of wear-resistant weld deposit formed on martensitic steel using the electric-arc method. Adv. Mater. Res. 2014. Vol. 1013. P. 194—199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams D.B. Practical analytical electron microscopy in materials science. USA. Deerfield Beach, FL: Verlag Chemic Int, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams D.B. Practical analytical electron microscopy in materials science. USA. Deerfield Beach, FL: Verlag Chemic Int, 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Синдо Д., Оикава Т. Аналитическая просвечивающая электронная микроскопия. М: Техносфера, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sindo D., Oikava T. Analiticheskaja prosvechivajushhaja jelektronnaja mikroskopija [Analytical transmission electron microscopy]. Moscow: Tehnosfera, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курдюмов В.Г., Утевский Л.М., Энтин Р.И. Превращения в железе и стали. М.: Наука, 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurdjumov V.G., Utevskij L.M., Jentin R.I. Prevrashhenija v zheleze i stali [Transformations in the iron and steel]. Moscow: Nauka, 1977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
