<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">powder</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Порошковая металлургия и функциональные покрытия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings (Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional'nye Pokrytiya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-308X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8767</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/1997-308X-2017-4-44-52</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">powder-329</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Модифицирование поверхности, в том числе пучками заряженных частиц, потоками фотонов и плазмы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Modification of Surface Including Charged Particle Beams and Photon and Plasma Fluxes</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ОСОБЕННОСТИ МИКРОСТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ ИЗДЕЛИЙ, ПОЛУЧАЕМЫХ МЕТОДОМ ПРЯМОГО ЛАЗЕРНОГО НАПЛАВЛЕНИЯ ПОРОШКА СТАЛИ 316L</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF PARTS PRODUCED BY DIRECT LASER DEPOSITION OF 316L STEEL POWDER</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинова</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginova</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер кафедры металловедения цветных металлов (МЦМ).</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer of the Department «Physical metallurgy of non-ferrous metals».</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i-popkova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быковский</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bykovskiy</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер кафедры лазерной физики НИЯУ «МИФИ»</p><p>115409, Москва, Каширское ш., 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer of the Department «Laser physics».</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe highway, 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.bykofsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солонин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solonin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, заведующий кафедрой МЦМ.</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.), head of the Department «Physical metallurgy of non-ferrous metals».</p><p>119049, Moscow, Leninskii pr., 4</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solonin@misis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Просвиряков</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prosviryakov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник кафедры МЦМ.</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.), senior researcher of the Department «Physical metallurgy of non-ferrous metals».</p><p>119049, Moscow, Leninskii pr., 4</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pro.alex@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чеверикин</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cheverikin</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник кафедры МЦМ.</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.), senior researcher of the Department «Physical metallurgy of non-ferrous metals».</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cheverikin80@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поздняков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pozdniakov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры МЦМ.</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate prof. of the Department «Physical metallurgy of non-ferrous metals».</p><p>119049, Moscow, Leninskii pr., 4</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pozdniakov@misis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петровский</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrovskiy</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат физизико-математических наук, доцент кафедры лазерной физики.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), associate prof. of the Department «Laser physics.</p><p>115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe highway, 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">VNPetrovskij@mephi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский технологический университет (НИТУ) «МИСиС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Science and Technology (NUST) «MISIS»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет (НИЯУ) «МИФИ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Nuclear University (NRNU) «MEPhI»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Логинова И.С., Быковский Д.П., Солонин А.Н., Просвиряков А.С., Чеверикин В.В., Поздняков А.В., Петровский В.Н., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Логинова И.С., Быковский Д.П., Солонин А.Н., Просвиряков А.С., Чеверикин В.В., Поздняков А.В., Петровский В.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Loginova I.S., Bykovskiy D.P., Solonin A.N., Prosviryakov A.S., Cheverikin V.V., Pozdniakov A.V., Petrovskiy V.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/329">https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/329</self-uri><abstract><p>Прямое лазерное наплавление металлических порошков является одним из методов аддитивного производства функциональных изделий и заключается в сплавлении металлических порошков лазерным лучом в среде инертного газа. Основные параметры процесса – мощность лазерного излучения, скорость и траектория перемещения лазерного луча, расход порошка. Каждый из них подбирают в зависимости от типа сплава, что в совокупности влияет на структурои дефектообразование в изделиях. В настоящей работе методом прямой лазерной наплавки порошка стали аустенитного класса марки 316L были получены экспериментальные образцы прямоугольного сечения. С помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии исследована микроструктура, изучены изломы образцов с целью определения структурных особенностей и выявления дефектов (пор, раковин, кристаллизационных трещин и оксидных включений). Проведены испытания на одноосное растяжение и испытания по оценке твердости. Представлен анализ влияния траектории перемещения лазерного луча во время наплавки на микроструктуру и свойства образцов. Установлено, что при мощности лазерного излучения 250 Вт и скорости сканирования 16 мм/с происходит формирование дисперсной структуры со средним размером кристаллитов 1,3–1,9 мкм, что обуславливает высокий уровень характеристик механических свойств экспериментальных образцов. Показано, что при использовании продольной траектории перемещения лазерного луча (вдоль наибольшего размера образца) предел прочности достигает значения 730 МПа при относительном удлинении 25 %, что превышает уровень характеристик механических свойств стали 316L на 110 МПа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Direct laser deposition of metal powders is one of the additive methods of functional product manufacturing. It consists in metallic powder melting with laser beams in the inert gas atmosphere. Main process parameters include laser beam power, speed, scanning strategy and powder consumption. Each of the parameters is selected depending on the alloy type that jointly affects the structure and defect formation in products. The present paper shows that the experimental rectangular specimens of powder austenitic steel 316L were obtained by direct laser deposition. The microstructure and fractures of samples were studied using scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the structural features and identify any defects (pores, holes, crystallization cracks and oxide inclusions). Uniaxial tensile tests and hardness tests were carried out. The effect of laser beam scanning strategy on the microstructure and properties of samples when melting was analyzed It was observed that a dispersed structure with an average crystallite size of 1,3–1,9 μm is formed at 250 W laser power and 16 mm/s scanning speed that causes a high level of mechanical properties of experimental samples. It was shown that tensile strength at the lengthwise strategy (along the largest sample size) was up to 730 MPa with an elongation rate 25 % that exceeded 316L steel mechanical properties by 110 MPa.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>сталь аустенитного класса</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>additive technology</kwd><kwd>austenitic steel</kwd><kwd>microstructure</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mingming M., Zemin W., Dengzhi W., Xiaoyan Z. Control of shape and performance for direct laser fabrication of precision large-scale metal parts with 316L stainless steel. Opt. Laser Technol. 2013. Vol. 45. Р. 209—216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mingming M., Zemin W., Dengzhi W., Xiaoyan Z. Control of shape and performance for direct laser fabrication of precision large-scale metal parts with 316L stainless steel. Opt. Laser Technol. 2013. Vol. 45. Р. 209—216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srivastava D.I., Chang I.T., Loretto M.H. The effect of process parameters and heat treatment on the microstructure of direct laser fabricated TiAl alloy samples. Intermetallics. 2001. Vol. 9. P. 1003—1013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srivastava D.I., Chang I.T., Loretto M.H. The effect of process parameters and heat treatment on the microstructure of direct laser fabricated TiAl alloy samples. Intermetallics. 2001. Vol. 9. P. 1003—1013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dongdong G., Yves-Christian H., Meiners W., Meng G., Batista Santos R.J., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear performance of selective laser melting processed commercially pure titanium. Acta Mater. 2012. Vol. 60. P. 3849—3860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dongdong G., Yves-Christian H., Meiners W., Meng G., Batista Santos R.J., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear performance of selective laser melting processed commercially pure titanium. Acta Mater. 2012. Vol. 60. P. 3849—3860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiang X., Gaoyang M., Yuanqing L., Ping J., Xinyu S., Chunming W. Morphologies, microstructures, and mechanical properties of samples produced using laser metal deposition with 316 L stainless steel wire. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2017. Vol. 94. P. 1—11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang X., Gaoyang M., Yuanqing L., Ping J., Xinyu S., Chunming W. Morphologies, microstructures, and mechanical properties of samples produced using laser metal deposition with 316 L stainless steel wire. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2017. Vol. 94. P. 1—11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mingming M., Zemin W., Xiaoyan Z. A comparison on metallurgical behaviors of 316L stainless steel by selective laser melting and laser cladding deposition. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2017. Vol. 685. P. 265—273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mingming M., Zemin W., Xiaoyan Z. A comparison on metallurgical behaviors of 316L stainless steel by selective laser melting and laser cladding deposition. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2017. Vol. 685. P. 265—273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dewidar M.M., Dalgarno K.W., Wright C.S. Processing conditions and mechanical properties of high-speed steel parts fabricated using direct selective laser sintering. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B: J. Eng. Manuf. 2003. Vol. 217. P. 1651—1662.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dewidar M.M., Dalgarno K.W., Wright C.S. Processing conditions and mechanical properties of high-speed steel parts fabricated using direct selective laser sintering. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B: J. Eng. Manuf. 2003. Vol. 217. P. 1651—1662.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadroitsev I., Smurov I. Surface morphology in selective laser melting of metal powders. Phys. Procedia A. 2011. Vol. 12. P. 264—270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadroitsev I., Smurov I. Surface morphology in selective laser melting of metal powders. Phys. Procedia A. 2011. Vol. 12. P. 264—270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasa E., Kruth J. Application of laser re-melting on selective laser melting parts. Adv. Product. Eng. Manag. 2011. Vol. 6. No. 4. P. 259—270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasa E., Kruth J. Application of laser re-melting on selective laser melting parts. Adv. Product. Eng. Manag. 2011. Vol. 6. No. 4. P. 259—270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandt M. The role of lasers in additive manufacturing. In: Materials, design, technologies, and applications. Electronic and Optical Materials. 2017. P. 1—18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandt M. The role of lasers in additive manufacturing. In: Materials, design, technologies, and applications. Electronic and Optical Materials. 2017. P. 1—18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yali L., Dongdong G. Parametric analysis of thermal behavior during selective laser melting additive manufacturing of aluminum alloy powder. Mater. Design. 2014. Vol. 63. P. 856—867.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yali L., Dongdong G. Parametric analysis of thermal behavior during selective laser melting additive manufacturing of aluminum alloy powder. Mater. Design. 2014. Vol. 63. P. 856—867.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabernero I., Lamikiz A.., Martinez S., Ukar E., Figueras J. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 components built by laser cladding. Int. J. Machine Tools Manuf. 2011. Vol. 52. P. 465—470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabernero I., Lamikiz A.., Martinez S., Ukar E., Figueras J. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 components built by laser cladding. Int. J. Machine Tools Manuf. 2011. Vol. 52. P. 465—470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doubenskaia M., Pavlov M., Grigoriev S., Tikhonova E., Smurov I. Comprehensive optical monitoring of selective laser melting. JLMN — J. Laser Micro/Nanoeng. 2012. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 236—243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doubenskaia M., Pavlov M., Grigoriev S., Tikhonova E., Smurov I. Comprehensive optical monitoring of selective laser melting. JLMN — J. Laser Micro/Nanoeng. 2012. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 236—243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marcua T., Todeab M., Gligora I., Bercec P., Popa C. Effect of surface conditioning on the flowability of Ti6Al7Nb powder for selective laser melting applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012. Vol. 258. P. 3276—3282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marcua T., Todeab M., Gligora I., Bercec P., Popa C. Effect of surface conditioning on the flowability of Ti6Al7Nb powder for selective laser melting applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012. Vol. 258. P. 3276—3282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruidi L., Yusheng S., Zhigang W., Li W., Jinhui L., Wei J. Densification behavior of gas and water atomized 316L stainless steel powder during selective laser melting. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2010. Vol. 256. P. 4350—4356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruidi L., Yusheng S., Zhigang W., Li W., Jinhui L., Wei J. Densification behavior of gas and water atomized 316L stainless steel powder during selective laser melting. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2010. Vol. 256. P. 4350—4356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang D., Song C., Yang Y., Bai Y. Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts. Mater. Design. 2016. Vol. 100. Р. 291—299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang D., Song C., Yang Y., Bai Y. Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts. Mater. Design. 2016. Vol. 100. Р. 291—299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Deng D., Qi M., Zhang H. Influences of deposition strategies and oblique angle on properties of AISI316L stainless steel oblique thin-walled part by direct laser fabrication. Opt. Laser Technol. 2016. Vol. 80. Р. 138—144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Deng D., Qi M., Zhang H. Influences of deposition strategies and oblique angle on properties of AISI316L stainless steel oblique thin-walled part by direct laser fabrication. Opt. Laser Technol. 2016. Vol. 80. Р. 138—144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang B., Dembinski L., Coddet C. The study of the laser parameters and environment variables effect on mechanical properties of high compact parts elaborated by selective laser melting 316L powder. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2013. Vol. 584. Р. 21—31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang B., Dembinski L., Coddet C. The study of the laser parameters and environment variables effect on mechanical properties of high compact parts elaborated by selective laser melting 316L powder. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2013. Vol. 584. Р. 21—31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang K., Wang S., Liu W., Shang X. Characterization of stainless steel parts by Laser Metal Deposition Shaping. Mater. Design. 2014. Vol. 55. Р. 104—119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang K., Wang S., Liu W., Shang X. Characterization of stainless steel parts by Laser Metal Deposition Shaping. Mater. Design. 2014. Vol. 55. Р. 104—119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadollahi A., Shamsaei N., Thompson S.M., Seely D.W. Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2015. Vol. 644. Р. 171—183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadollahi A., Shamsaei N., Thompson S.M., Seely D.W. Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2015. Vol. 644. Р. 171—183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheikh H.E., Courant B., Branchu S., Huang X., Hascoet J.-Y., Guillen R. Direct laser fabrication process with coaxial powder projection of 316L steel. Geometrical characteristics and microstructure characterization of wall structures. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2012. Vol. 50. Р. 1779—1784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheikh H.E., Courant B., Branchu S., Huang X., Hascoet J.-Y., Guillen R. Direct laser fabrication process with coaxial powder projection of 316L steel. Geometrical characteristics and microstructure characterization of wall structures. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2012. Vol. 50. Р. 1779—1784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olakanmi E.O. Selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of pure Al, Al—Mg, and Al—Si powders: Effect of processing conditions and powder properties. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2013. Vol. 213. Р. 1387—1405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olakanmi E.O. Selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of pure Al, Al—Mg, and Al—Si powders: Effect of processing conditions and powder properties. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2013. Vol. 213. Р. 1387—1405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попкова И.С., Золоторевский В.С., Солонин А.Н. Производство изделий из алюминия и его сплавов методом селективного лазерного плавления. Технол. Легких сплавов. 2015. No. 4. C. 14—24; Popkova I.S., Zolotorevsky V.S., Solonin A.N. Proizvodstvo izdelii iz alyuminiya i ego splavov metodom selektivnogo lasernogo plavleniya [Manufacturing of details by selective laser melting of aluminium alloys]. Tekhnologiya legkikh splavov. 2015. No. 4. Р. 14—24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Попкова И.С., Золоторевский В.С., Солонин А.Н. Производство изделий из алюминия и его сплавов методом селективного лазерного плавления. Технол. Легких сплавов. 2015. No. 4. C. 14—24; Popkova I.S., Zolotorevsky V.S., Solonin A.N. Proizvodstvo izdelii iz alyuminiya i ego splavov metodom selektivnogo lasernogo plavleniya [Manufacturing of details by selective laser melting of aluminium alloys]. Tekhnologiya legkikh splavov. 2015. No. 4. Р. 14—24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ 25849-83. Порошки металлические. Метод определения формы частиц. М.: Изд-во стандартов, 1983; GOST 25849-83. Poroshki metallicheskie. Metod opredeleniya formy chastits [Metallic powders. Method for determination of particle shape]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo standartov, 1983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ГОСТ 25849-83. Порошки металлические. Метод определения формы частиц. М.: Изд-во стандартов, 1983; GOST 25849-83. Poroshki metallicheskie. Metod opredeleniya formy chastits [Metallic powders. Method for determination of particle shape]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo standartov, 1983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ 23402-78. Порошки металлические. Микроскопический метод определения размеров частиц. М.: Гос. комитет СССР по стандартам, 1985; GOST 23402-78. Poroshki metallicheskie. Mikroskopicheskii metod opredeleniya razmerov chastits [Metallic powders. Microscopic method for determining particle size]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SSSR po standartam, 1989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ГОСТ 23402-78. Порошки металлические. Микроскопический метод определения размеров частиц. М.: Гос. комитет СССР по стандартам, 1985; GOST 23402-78. Poroshki metallicheskie. Mikroskopicheskii metod opredeleniya razmerov chastits [Metallic powders. Microscopic method for determining particle size]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SSSR po standartam, 1989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ 2999-75. Металлы и сплавы. Методы измерения твердости по Виккерсу. М.: Гос. комитет СССР по стандартам, 1987; GOST 2999-75. Metally i splavy. Metody izmereniya tverdosti po Vikkersu [Metals and alloys. Methods of measuring the Vickers hardness]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SSSR po standartam, 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ГОСТ 2999-75. Металлы и сплавы. Методы измерения твердости по Виккерсу. М.: Гос. комитет СССР по стандартам, 1987; GOST 2999-75. Metally i splavy. Metody izmereniya tverdosti po Vikkersu [Metals and alloys. Methods of measuring the Vickers hardness]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SSSR po standartam, 1987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ 1497-84. Металлы. Методы испытаний на растяжение. М.: Изд-во стандартов, 1993; GOST 1497-84. Metally. Metody ispytanii na rastyazhenie [Metals. Tensile test methods]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo standartov, 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ГОСТ 1497-84. Металлы. Методы испытаний на растяжение. М.: Изд-во стандартов, 1993; GOST 1497-84. Metally. Metody ispytanii na rastyazhenie [Metals. Tensile test methods]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo standartov, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
