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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">powder</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Порошковая металлургия и функциональные покрытия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings (Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional'nye Pokrytiya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-308X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8767</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/1997-308X-2022-4-14</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">powder-741</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Процессы получения и свойства порошков</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Production Processes and Properties of Powders</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Электродные процессы при получении микродисперсного порошка титана объемным электролитическим восстановлением его ионов натрием, растворенным в расплаве BaCl2–CaCl2–NaCl, в отсутствие галогенидов титана в исходном расплаве</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Electrode processes in the production of microdispersed titanium powder by volumetric electrolytic reduction of its ions with sodium dissolved in the BaCl2–CaCl2–NaCl melt in the absence of titanium halides in the initial melt</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>  докт. хим. наук, проф. кафедры металлургии цветных металлов </p><p>620002, Свердловская обл., г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chem.), prof., Department of metallurgy of non-ferrous metals</p><p>620002,  Sverdlovsk region, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 19 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.a.lebedev@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> учебный мастер, аспирант кафедры металлургии цветных металлов</p><p>620002, Свердловская обл., г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> educational master, postgraduate student, Department of metallurgy of non-ferrous metals </p><p>620002,  Sverdlovsk region, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 19 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aheon@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский федеральный университет (УрФУ) им. первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal University n.a. the first President of Russia B.N. Eltsin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; НИТУ "МИСИС", 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">НИТУ "МИСИС"</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">НИТУ "МИСИС"</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://powder.misis.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://powder.misis.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/741">https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/741</self-uri><abstract><p>Работа посвящена детальному изучению катодных процессов, их влиянию на анодный процесс и показатели электролиза. Измерена поляризация стального катода в расплаве CaCl2–BaCl2–NaCl при температуре t = 610 °С. На поляризационной кривой отчетливо выделяются потенциалы (Eнас = –2,97 В) и плотности тока (iк = 0,04 А/см2, lgiк = –1,4) образования насыщенного раствора натрия в электролите и появления металлического натрия на катоде (ENa = –3,22 В, iNa = 0,12 А/см2, lgiNa = –0,92). По величине Eнас рассчитана концентрация натрия в электролите при t = 610 °С (1,3·10–4 мол. дол.). Величины Eнас, ENa и их разность (E = 0,25 В) подтверждены при длительном электролизе. Эти фундаментальные характеристики являются основой для контроля и управления процессом. При длительном электролизе на кривой в координатах E (В) – lgQ (А·мин) выявлены 3 близких к прямолинейным участка: разряд ионов натрия из пересыщенных растворов при E отрицательнее Eнас (от ENa до Eнас), из смеси пересыщенных и насыщенных растворов (при постоянном E, равным Eнас), из разбавленных растворов (при E положительнее Eнас). Коэффициенты активности натрия в пересыщенных растворах близки к 1, что обеспечивает их повышенную восстановительную способность. Максимальные степени пересыщения (&gt;100) создаются при образовании и распаде на катоде зародышей металлического натрия, которые достаточны для того, чтобы интенсифицировать и продлить электролиз, понизить нижний предел температур его реализации с 600 до 350 °С. Образование металлического титана в прианодном слое объяснено диспропорционированием ионов Ti2+, поступающих в прианодный электролит от поверхности анода и из прикатодного расплава.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper is devoted to a detailed study of cathodic processes, their influence on the anode process, and electrolysis performance. The polarization of a steel cathode in a CaCl2–BaCl2–NaCl melt at t = 610 °C was measured. The polarization curve clearly shows the potentials and current densities of the formation of a saturated sodium solution in the electrolyte (Esat = –2.97 V, ic = 0.04 A/cm2, lgic = –1,4), and the occurrence of sodium metal on the cathode (ENa = –3.22 V, iNa = 0.12 A/cm2, lgiNa = –0.92).</p><p>The value of Esat was used to calculate the concentration of sodium in the electrolyte at t = 610 °С (1.3·10–4 mol. fr.). The values of Esat, ENa, and their difference (E = 0,25 В) were confirmed by long-term electrolysis. These fundamental characteristics are the basis for process control and management. During long-ter 3 regions close to rectilinear ones were revealed: the discharge of sodium ions from supersaturated solutions at E more negative than Esat (from ENa to Esat), from mixtures of supersaturated and saturated solutions (at a constant E equal to Esat), from diluted solutions (with E more positive than Esat). The activity coefficients of sodium in supersaturated solutions are close to 1, which ensures their increased reducing ability. Maximum degrees of supersaturation (&gt;100) are created at formation and decomposition on the cathode of metallic sodium nuclei, which are sufficient to intensify and prolong electrolysis, to lower the lower temperature limit of its realization from 600 to 350 °С. The formation of metallic titanium in the near-anode layer is explained by the disproportionation of Ti2+ ions entering the near-anode electrolyte from the anode surface and from the near-cathode melt.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электролитическое объемное восстановление титана</kwd><kwd>аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>гранулометрия</kwd><kwd>потенциалы и плотности тока образования на катоде насыщенных растворов и металлического натрия</kwd><kwd>параметры зарождения и распада зародышей натрия</kwd><kwd>необходимые степени пересыщения для их появления на катоде.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electrolytic bulk reduction of titanium</kwd><kwd>additive technologies</kwd><kwd>granulometry</kwd><kwd>potentials and current densities of formation of saturated solutions and metallic sodium on the cathode</kwd><kwd>nucleation and decay parameters of sodium nuclei</kwd><kwd>required degrees of supersaturation for their appearance on the cathode.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niinomi M., Nakai M., Hieda J. 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