<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">powder</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Порошковая металлургия и функциональные покрытия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings (Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional'nye Pokrytiya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-308X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8767</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/1997-308X-2023-4-59-70</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">powder-851</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Наноструктурированные материалы и функциональные покрытия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Nanostructured Materials and Functional Coatings</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Трансформация структуры сплава на основе алюминида никеля в процессе наплавки колеблющимся электродом термостойкого покрытия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transformation of the nickel aluminide alloy structure through the application of a heat-resistant coating using oscillation electrode surfacing</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9912-2598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зорин</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zorin</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илья Васильевич Зорин – д.т.н., профессор кафедры «Оборудование и технология сварочного производства»</p><p>Россия, 400005, г. Волгоград, пр. им. В.И. Ленина, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya V. Zorin – Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Department of Welding Equipment and Technology</p><p>28 Lenin Prosp., Volgograd 400005, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zorin.iv@vstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3066-058X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысак</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysak</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Ильич Лысак – д.т.н., профессор, академик РАН, заведующий кафедрой «Оборудование и технология сварочного производства», научный руководитель</p><p>Россия, 400005, г. Волгоград, пр. им. В.И. Ленина, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Lysak – Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Acad. of the Russian Aca­demy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Welding Equipment and Technology, Scientific Adviser</p><p>28 Lenin Prosp., Volgograd 400005, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lysak@vstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-4592</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харламов</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharlamov</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валентин Олегович Харламов – к.т.н., доцент кафедры «Оборудование и технология сварочного производства»</p><p>Россия, 400005, г. Волгоград, пр. им. В.И. Ленина, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valentin O. Kharlamov – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assoc. Prof., Department of Welding Equipment and Technology</p><p>28 Lenin Prosp., Volgograd 400005, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">harlamov_vo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3371-0434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фастов</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fastov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Анатольевич Фастов – аспирант кафедры «Оборудование и технология сварочного производства»</p><p>Россия, 400005, г. Волгоград, пр. им. В.И. Ленина, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Fastov – Postgraduate Student of the Department of Wel­ding Equipment and Technology</p><p>28 Lenin Prosp., Volgograd 400005, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serheyfastov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Волгоградский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Volgograd State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зорин И.В., Лысак В.И., Харламов В.О., Фастов С.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зорин И.В., Лысак В.И., Харламов В.О., Фастов С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zorin I.V., Lysak V.I., Kharlamov V.O., Fastov S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/851">https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/851</self-uri><abstract><p>Работа посвящена исследованию формирования структуры легированного алюминида никеля в процессе автоматизированной электродуговой наплавки колеблющимся электродом (плавящейся композиционной проволокой), при котором дуга совершает поперечные перемещения с частотой f по поверхности расплава сварочной ванны. Использование такого приема в сравнении с традиционной технологией наплавки позволяет перемещать вместе с расплавом сварочной ванны фронт кристаллизации (при f  = 1,3 Гц) или стабилизировать его (при f  ≥ 2 Гц) в поперечном сечении наплавляемого металла. Изучена эволюция структуры наплавленных сплавов. Установлено, что наиболее структурно чувствительной фазой являются участки сосредоточения никель-алюминиевой эвтектики, скопления частиц которой, в зависимости от условий теплоотвода вблизи фронта кристаллизации, образуют участки слоистой текстуры. Показано, что после 50 теплосмен (нагрев до 1100 °С, охлаждение до 25 °С) твердость исследуемого сплава перестает зависеть от последующего термического циклирования и сохраняется неизменной на уровне 34–35 HRC. Наибольшая стойкость наплавленного металла к появлению трещин термической усталости обеспечивается при формировании в его структуре близкого к оптимальному соотношения относительно вязкого, легированного железом и другими элементами γ-твердого раствора и никель-алюминиевого мартенсита, состав которого соответствует Ni2Al-фазе. Термические условия получения такой структуры обусловлены замедленным охлаждением закристаллизовавшегося металла с высоких температур при достижении f  ≥ 2,8 Гц. Анализ изменения сопутствующего термоусталостным испытаниям окислительного изнашивания (оцениваемого потерей массы) при температуре нагрева металла 1100 °С показал преимущества исследуемого сплава над промышленными сплавами на основе никеля и кобальта.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study considers the formation of an alloyed nickel aluminide structure through automatic electric arc surfacing employing an oscillating electrode composed of composite wire. The arc transversely traverses the weld pool surface at a frequency denoted as f. In comparison to conventional surfacing techniques, this process either displaces the crystallization front alongside the weld pool (at f  = 1.3 Hz) or stabilizes it (at f  ≥ 2 Hz) throughout the cross-sectional area of the coating layer. We have conducted an investigation into the evolution of alloy structures resulting from surfacing. Notably, we have observed that the regions with concentrations of eutectic nickel-aluminum are particularly susceptible to structural alterations. The formation of particle clusters, which is contingent upon heat dissipation conditions near the crystallization front, leads to the development of layered texture regions. Our findings reveal that following 50 thermal cycles (heating to 1100 °C, cooling to 25 °C), the alloy's hardness becomes independent of subsequent thermal cycles, consistently maintaining a level 34–35 HRC. The highest resistance of the surfaced metal to thermal fatigue cracks is achieved when its structure exhibits an optimal  γ-solid solution (relatively ductile) to nickel-aluminum cooling martensite ratio, corresponding to the Ni2Al phase. The thermal conditions necessary for producing such a structure are elucidated by the gradual cooling of the crystallized metal from elevated temperatures when f  ≥ 2.8 Hz. An analysis of changes in oxidative wear, estimated by mass loss, during thermal fatigue tests conducted at a metal heating temperature of 1100 °C revealed the superiority of the studied alloy over industrial alloys based on nickel and cobalt.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электродуговая наплавка</kwd><kwd>колеблющийся электрод</kwd><kwd>алюминид никеля</kwd><kwd>термический цикл</kwd><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>термическая усталость</kwd><kwd>стойкость к окислению</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electric arc surfacing</kwd><kwd>oscillating electrode</kwd><kwd>nickel aluminide</kwd><kwd>thermal cycle</kwd><kwd>metal structure</kwd><kwd>thermal fatigue</kwd><kwd>oxidation resistance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-13-00354 (https://rscf.ru/project/23-13-00354/).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research received support from the Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 23-13-00354 (https://rscf.ru/project/23-13-00354/).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов Г.Н., Лысак В.И. Наплавка износостойких сплавов на прессовые штампы и инструмент для горячего деформирования сталей. Волгоград: Политехник, 2005. 284 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov G.N., Lysak V.I. Surfacing of wear-resistant alloys on press dies and tools for hot deformation of steels. Volgograd, Politekhnik, 2005. 284 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mendez P.F., Barnes N., Bell K., Borle S.D., Gaja­pathi S.S., Guest S.D., Izadi H., Gol A.K., Wood G. Wel­ding processes for wear resistant overlays. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2014;16(1):4–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2013.06.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mendez P.F., Barnes N., Bell K., Borle S.D., Gaja­pathi S.S., Guest S.D., Izadi H., Gol A.K., Wood G. Wel­ding processes for wear resistant overlays. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2014;16(1):4–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2013.06.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Росерт Р. Сплавы на кобальтовой основе для наплавки. Автоматическая сварка. 2015;(5–6):108–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosert R. Cobalt-based alloys for surfacing. The Paton Welding Journal. 2015;(5–6):101–106. https://doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2015.06.23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колобов Ю.Р., Каблов Е.Н., Козлов Э.В., Конева Н.А., Поварова К.Б., Грабовецкая Г.П., Бунтушкин В.П., Базылева О.А., Мубояджян С.А., Будиновский С.А. Структура и свойства интерметаллидных материалов с нанофазным упрочнением. М.: МИСиС, 2008. 328 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolobov Yu.R., Kablov E.N., Kozlov E.V., Koneva N.A., Povarova K.B., Grabovetskaya G.P., Buntushkin V.P., Bazyleva O.A., Muboyadzhyan S.A., Budinovskii S.A. Structure and properties of intermetallic materials with nanophase hardening. Moscow: MISIS, 2008. 328 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бондаренко Ю.А., Кузьмина Н.А., Базылева О.А., Раевс­ких А.Н. Исследование структуры и фазового сос­тава интерметаллидного сплава системы NiAl–Ni3Al, полученного методом высокоградиентной направленной кристаллизации. Вопросы материаловедения. 2018;2(94):52–60. https://doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2018-94-2-52-60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bondarenko Yu.A., Kuzmina N.A., Bazyleva O.A., Raevs­kikh A.N. On structure and phase composition of NiAl–Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloys obtained by high-gradient directional crystallization. Voprosy Materialovedeniya. 2018; 2(94):52–60. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2018-94-2-52-60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsao Te-Kang, Yeh An-Chou. The thermal stability and strength of highly alloyed Ni3Al. Materials Transactions. 2015;56(11):1905–1910. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M2015298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsao Te-Kang, Yeh An-Chou. The thermal stability and strength of highly alloyed Ni3Al. Materials Transactions. 2015;56(11):1905–1910.  https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M2015298</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lei Wang, Chengli Yao, Jun Shen, Yunpeng Zhang, Tao Wang, Hengxin Xu, Luhan Gao, Guojun Zhang. Microstructures and compressive properties of NiAl–Cr(Mo) and NiAl–Cr eutectic alloys with different Fe contents. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019;744:593–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.12.085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei Wang, Chengli Yao, Jun Shen, Yunpeng Zhang, Tao Wang, Hengxin Xu, Luhan Gao, Guojun Zhang. Microstructures and compressive properties of NiAl–Cr(Mo) and NiAl–Cr eutectic alloys with different Fe contents. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019;744:593–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.12.085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поварова К.Б., Базылева О.А., Дроздов А.А., Аладьев Н.А., Самсонова М.А. Исследование малоцикловой усталости при комнатной температуре сплава на основе интерметаллида Ni3Al типа ВКНА-25. Металлы. 2012;(6):70–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Povarova K.B., Bazyleva O.A., Drozdov A.A., Alad’­ev N.A., Samsonova M.A. Low-cycle fatigue of an Ni3Al-based VKNA-25 alloy at room temperature. Russian Metal­lurgy (Metally). 2012;2012:975–984. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029512110134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shang-ping Li, Di Feng, He-li Luo, Xi-e Zhang, Xu Cao. Development of new wear-resistant surface coating at ele­vated temperature. Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2006;13:37–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(06)60092-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shang-ping Li, Di Feng, He-li Luo, Xi-e Zhang, Xu Cao. Development of new wear-resistant surface coating at ele­vated temperature. Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2006;13:37–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(06)60092-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукин В.И., Базылева О.А., Ковальчук В.Г., Голев Е.В., Ходакова Е.А. Исследование свойств отливок из интерметаллидного сплава ВКНА-1ВР после исправления дефектов методом сварки. Сварочное произ­водство. 2014;(10):5–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukin V.I., Bazyleva O.A., Kovalchuk V., Golev E.V., Khodakova E.A. Investigation of the properties of castings of VKNA-1VR intermetallic alloy after repairing defects by welding. Welding International. 2015;29(10):795–800. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2014.986883</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meng Zhang, Ying Wang, Zhenwen Yang, Zongqing Ma, Zhijiang Wang, Dongpo Wang. Microstructure and mechanical properties of twin wire and arc additive manufactured Ni3Al-based alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2022;303:117529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117529</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meng Zhang, Ying Wang, Zhenwen Yang, Zongqing Ma, Zhijiang Wang, Dongpo Wang. Microstructure and mechanical properties of twin wire and arc additive manufactured Ni3Al-based alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2022;303:117529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117529</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сорокин Л.И. Напряжения и трещины при сварке и термической обработке жаропрочных никелевых сплавов. Сварочное производство. 1999;(12):11–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokin L.I. Stresses and cracks in welding and heat treatment of creep-resisting nickel alloys. Welding Internatio­nal. 2000;14(6):478–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507110009549215</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сараев Ю.Н., Полетика И.М., Козлов А.В., Хомченко Е.Г. Формирование структуры и свойств сварных соединений в условиях регулируемого тепловложения при импульсно-дуговой сварке. Физическая мезомеханика. 2005;8(S):137–140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saraev Yu.N., Poletika I.M., Kozlov A.V., Khomchenko E.G. Formation of the structure and properties of welded joints under conditions of controlled heat input in pulsed arc welding. Fizicheskaya mezomekhanika. 2005;8(S):137–140. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Душина А.Ю., Ольшанская Т.В., Неулыбин С.Д., Щицын Ю.Д., Никулин Р.Г. Влияние частоты тока в процессе импульсной послойной плазменной наплавки на структуру и свойства высоколегированной стали при аддитивном формировании изделий. Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Машиностроение, материаловедение. 2021;23(2):20–26. https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9877/2021.2.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dushina A.Yu., Olshanskaya T.V., Neulybin S.D., Shchi­tsyn Yu.D., Nikulin R.G. Influence of the current frequency in the process of pulsed layer-by-layer plasma surfacing on the structure and properties of high-alloy steel during additive forming of products. Vestnik Permskogo natsional’nogo issledovatel’skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Mashinostroenie, materialovedenie. 2021;23(2):20–26. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9877/2021.2.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев В.А., Драган С.В., Симутенков И.В. Влияние высокочастотных колебаний электродной проволоки при автоматической наплавке под флюсом на свойства наплавленного слоя. Упрочняющие технологии и покрытия. 2016;(5):17–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedev V.A., Dragan S.V., Simutenkov I.V. Influence of high-frequency oscillations of the electrode wire during automatic submerged arc surfacing on the properties of the deposited layer. Uprochnyayushchie tekhnologii i pokrytiya. 2016;(5):17–21. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gualco A., Svoboda H.G., Surian E.S. Effect of heat input on the Fe-based nanostructured weld overlay. Soldagem &amp; Inspecao. 2013;18(4):329–338. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-92242013000400005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gualco A., Svoboda H.G., Surian E.S. Effect of heat input on the Fe-based nanostructured weld overlay. Soldagem &amp; Inspecao. 2013;18(4):329–338. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-92242013000400005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дегтерев А.С., Советченко Б.Ф., Трущенко Е.А., Гнюсов С.В. Влияние технологических параметров плазменной порошковой наплавки на формируемую структуру покрытий системы Fe–Cr–V–Mo–C. Сварка и диаг­ностика. 2011;(4):14–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degterev A.S., Sovetchenko B.F., Trushchenko E.A., Gnyusov S.V. Influence of technological parameters of plasma powder surfacing on the formed structure of coatings of the Fe–Cr–V–Mo–C system. Svarka i diagnostika. 2011;(4):14–20. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luchtenberg P., Campos P.T., Soares P., Laurindo C.A., Maranho O., Torres R.D. Effect of welding energy on the corrosion and tribological properties of duplex stainless steel weld overlay deposited by GMAW/CMT process. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019;375:688–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.07.072</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luchtenberg P., Campos P.T., Soares P., Laurindo C.A., Maranho O., Torres R.D. Effect of welding energy on the corrosion and tribological properties of duplex stainless steel weld overlay deposited by GMAW/CMT process. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019;375:688–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.07.072</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Dongting, An Qi, Matsuda Kenji, Zhang Yongang, Yu Baojun, Zou Yong Characteristics of bypass coupling twin-wire indirect arc welding with high-speed welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2021;291:116995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116995</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Dongting, An Qi, Matsuda Kenji, Zhang Yongang, Yu Baojun, Zou Yong Characteristics of bypass coupling twin-wire indirect arc welding with high-speed welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2021;291:116995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116995</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leitnera M., Pichlera P., Steinwendera F., Gusterb C. Wear and fatigue resistance of mild steel components reinforced by arc welded hard layers. Surface &amp; Coatings Techno­logy. 2017;330:140–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.09.046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leitnera M., Pichlera P., Steinwendera F., Gusterb C. Wear and fatigue resistance of mild steel components reinforced by arc welded hard layers. Surface &amp; Coatings Techno­logy. 2017;330:140–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.09.046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gnyusov S.F., Degterev A.S., Tarasov S. Yu. The effect of plasma torch weaving on microstructural evolution in multiplepass plasma-transferred arc Fe–Cr–V–Mo–C coating. Surface &amp; Coatings Technology. 2018;344:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.03.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gnyusov S.F., Degterev A.S., Tarasov S. Yu. The effect of plasma torch weaving on microstructural evolution in multiplepass plasma-transferred arc Fe–Cr–V–Mo–C coating. Surface &amp; Coatings Technology. 2018;344:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.03.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chieh Fan, Ming-Che Chen, Chia-Ming Chang, Weite Wu. Microstructure change caused by (Cr,Fe)23C6 carbides in high chromium Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys. Surface &amp; Coatings Technology. 2006;201(3-4):908–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.01.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chieh Fan, Ming-Che Chen, Chia-Ming Chang, Weite Wu. Microstructure change caused by (Cr,Fe)23C6 carbides in high chromium Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys. Surface &amp; Coatings Technology. 2006;201(3-4):908–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.01.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai Hsuan-Han, Hsieh Chih-Chun, Lin Chi-Ming, Wu Weite. Effect of oscillating traverse welding on microstructure evolution and characteristic of hypoeutectic hardfacing alloy. Surface &amp; Coatings Technology. 2014;239:233–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.11.048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai Hsuan-Han, Hsieh Chih-Chun, Lin Chi-Ming, Wu Weite. Effect of oscillating traverse welding on microstructure evolution and characteristic of hypoeutectic hardfacing alloy. Surface &amp; Coatings Technology. 2014;239:233–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.11.048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зорин И.В., Соколов Г.Н., Дубцов Ю.Н., Лысак В.И., Бобков А.С. Наплавка трубопрошивных оправок сплавом на основе Ni3Al c использованием композиционной проволоки. Сварка и диагностика. 2016;(2):20–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zorin I.V., Sokolov G.N., Dubczov Yu.N., Lysak V.I., Bobkov An.S. Surfacing of pipe-piercing mandrels with Ni3Al-based alloy using composite wire. 2016;(2):20–23. Svarka i diagnostika. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косицын С.В., Валиуллин А.И., Катаева Н.В., Косицына И.И. Исследование микрокристаллических сплавов на основе моноалюминида никеля с высокотемпературным термоупругим мартенситным превращением. I. Резистометрия сплавов Ni–Al и Ni–Al–X (X = Со, Si, Cr). Физика металлов и металловедение. 2006;102(4):418–432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kositsyn S.V., Valiullin A.I., Kataeva N.V. Kositsyna I.I. Investigation of microcrystalline NiAl-based alloys with high-temperature thermoelastic martensitic transformation: I. Resistometry of the Ni–Al and Ni–Al–X (X = Co, Si, or Cr) alloys. The Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2006;102(4):391–405. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X06100073</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каблов Д.Е., Сидоров В.В., Пучков Ю.А. Особенности диффузионного поведения примесей и рафинирующих добавок в никеле и монокристаллических жаропрочных сплавах. Авиационные материалы и технологии. 2016;1(40):24–31. https://doi.org/10.18577/2071-9140-2016-0-1-24-31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kablov D.E., Sidorov V.V., Puchkov Y.A. Diffusion behavior features of impurities and microalloying additives in nickel and single crystal superalloys. Aviation Materials and Technologies. 2016;1(40):24–31. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18577/2071-9140-2016-0-1-24-31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Au Y.K., Wayman C.M. Thermoelastic behavior of the martensitic transformation in ß′ NiAl alloys. Scripta Me­tallurgica. 1972;6(12):1209–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(72)90233-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Au Y.K., Wayman C.M. Thermoelastic behavior of the martensitic transformation in ß′ NiAl alloys. Scripta Me­tallurgica. 1972;6(12):1209–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(72)90233-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao R., Zhang H.Y., Liu G.H., Che H.Y., Chen J.H. Effect of thermal cycle shocking on microstructure and mechanical properties of Stellite 12 (Co–29Cr–2.3C–3W) cobalt based alloy. Materials Science &amp; Engineering A. 2018;714:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao R., Zhang H.Y., Liu G.H., Che H.Y., Chen J.H. Effect of thermal cycle shocking on microstructure and mechanical properties of Stellite 12 (Co–29Cr–2.3C–3W) cobalt based alloy. Materials Science &amp; Engineering A. 2018;714:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
