<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">powder</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Порошковая металлургия и функциональные покрытия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings (Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional'nye Pokrytiya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-308X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8767</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/1997-308X-2024-2-14-22</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">powder-878</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Тугоплавкие, керамические и композиционные материалы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Refractory, Ceramic, and Composite Materials</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Отработка теоретических основ прогнозирования структурно-морфологических характеристик диффузионно-сварных швов композита бериллий–медь</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Establishing theoretical foundations for predicting the structural and morphological characteristics of diffusion-welded joints of the beryllium–copper composite</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3085-3341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сырнев</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Syrnev</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борис Владимирович Сырнев – д.т.н., вед. науч. сотрудник научного центра «Веритас»</p><p>Казахстан, 070004, г. Усть-Каменогорск, ул. Серикбаева, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boris V. Syrnev – Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Leading Researcher at Research Center “Veritas”</p><p>19 Serikbaev Str., Ust-Kamenogorsk 070004, Kazakhstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">izusan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-5959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масленников</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslennikov</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олег Иванович Масленников – вед. инженер-технолог научного центра «Веритас»</p><p>Казахстан, 070004, г. Усть-Каменогорск, ул. Серикбаева, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg I. Maslennikov – Leading Process Engineer at Research Center “Veritas”</p><p>19 Serikbaev Str., Ust-Kamenogorsk 070004, Kazakhstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.mpk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9494-9572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семилуцкая</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semilutskaya</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оксана Валерьевна Семилуцкая – ст. преподаватель школы «Металлургия и обогащение полезных ископаемых»</p><p>Казахстан, 070004, г. Усть-Каменогорск, ул. Серикбаева, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana V. Semilutskaya – Senior Lecturer at the School of Metallurgy and Mineral Processing</p><p>19 Serikbaev Str., Ust-Kamenogorsk 070004, Kazakhstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">2009genius@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Восточно-Казахстанский технический университет им. Д. Серикбаева</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>East Kazakhstan Technical University named after D. Serikbayev</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сырнев Б.В., Масленников О.И., Семилуцкая О.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сырнев Б.В., Масленников О.И., Семилуцкая О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Syrnev B.V., Maslennikov O.I., Semilutskaya O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/878">https://powder.misis.ru/jour/article/view/878</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлены результаты теоретических и экспериментальных исследований качества диффузионной сварки композита бериллий–медь. Проведены численные исследования параметров гетеродиффузии диффузантов и толщины сварного шва пары Be–Cu в зависимости от температурно-временных режимов. В результате аналитических исследований было установлено, что толщина диффузионного шва в стыке Be–Cu изменяется от 26 до 345 мкм при увеличении температуры с 800 до 1000 °С и времени выдержки – от 20 до 120 мин. Расчетная толщина слоя при диффузионной сварке пары Be–Cu при t = 800 °C в течение 2 ч составляет 65 мкм: 15 мкм со стороны бериллия и 50 мкм со стороны меди. Обращает на себя внимание вероятность образования в диффузионном шве зоны интерметаллидного соединения CuBe3 , что является неблагоприятным фактором, снижающим механические свойства. Для теоретического обоснования модификации структуры и свойств диффузионной зоны проведены численные исследования сварки с использованием фольговой прокладки толщиной 10 мкм из материала, хорошо растворимого в бериллии, – никеля. Показано, что после температурно-временной экспозиции при t = 900 °С в течение 20 мин формируется диффузионно-сварной шов шириной 50 мкм. Его структура состоит из 2 однофазных зон твердых растворов на основе меди и бериллия, а также двух двухфазных зон, представляющих собой упрочненные интерметаллидами твердые растворы. Отсутствие в шве структурных зон, состоящих только из интерметаллидов (как это имело место при сварке диффузионной пары Be–Cu), позволяет ожидать снижения охрупчивающего сварной шов эффекта. Полученные результаты аналитических исследований могут служить основой методики теоретического прогнозирования качества диффузионной сварки композита бериллий–медь.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies regarding the quality of diffusion welding of the beryllium–copper composite. Numerical investigations of the parameters of heterodiffusion of diffusants and the thickness of the Be–Cu pair welded joint under varying temperature-time conditions were conducted. The analytical examinations revealed that the thickness of the diffusion weld at the Be–Cu joint varies between 26 and 345 µm, with the temperature increasing from 800 to 1000 °C and the holding time ranging from 20 to 120 min. The calculated layer thickness during the diffusion welding of a Be–Cu pair at 800 °C for 2 h is 65 µm, with 15 µm on the beryllium side and 50 µm on the copper side. Notably, a CuBe3 intermetallic compound zone can form in the diffusion weld, which should be considered an adverse factor that reduces the mechanical properties. To theoretically substantiate the modification of the structure and properties of the diffusion zone, a numerical study of welding was carried out using a 10 μm thick nickel foil spacer, which is readily soluble in beryllium. It was demonstrated that after exposure to temperature-time conditions at 900 °C for 20 min, a 50 µm wide diffusion-bonded joint is formed. Its structure includes two single-phase zones of solid solutions based on copper and beryllium, as well as two two-phase regions consisting of solid solutions hardened with intermetallic compounds. Since the weld lacks structural zones consisting solely of intermetallic compounds (unlike when welding the Be–Cu diffusion pair), there are grounds to anticipate a reduction in the embrittling effect on the weld.  The results obtained from the analytical studies can serve as the foundation for a theoretical prediction method for assessing the quality of diffusion welding of the beryllium–copper composite.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бериллий</kwd><kwd>медь</kwd><kwd>железо</kwd><kwd>диффузионная сварка</kwd><kwd>гетеродиффузия</kwd><kwd>скорость диффузии</kwd><kwd>композит</kwd><kwd>температура</kwd><kwd>время</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>beryllium</kwd><kwd>copper</kwd><kwd>iron</kwd><kwd>diffusion welding</kwd><kwd>heterodiffusion</kwd><kwd>diffusion rate</kwd><kwd>composite</kwd><kwd>temperature</kwd><kwd>time</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd><kwd>microstructure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dorn C., Vidal E., Goods S. Beryllium materials for fusion reactor wall applications. Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-13). (Narita, Japan, 20–21 September, 2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorn C., Vidal E., Goods S. Beryllium materials for fusion reactor wall applications. Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-13). (Narita, Japan, 20–21 September, 2017).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ITER blanket, shield and material data base. International atomic energy agency. Iter documentation series. No. 29. Vienna, 1991, 264 p. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/23/003/23003898.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ITER blanket, shield and material data base. International atomic energy agency. Iter documentation series. No. 29. Vienna, 1991, 264 p. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/23/003/23003898.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitts R.A., Corpentier S., Escourbiac F., Hirai T., Komarov V., Kukushkin A.S., Lisgo S., Loarte A., Merola M., Mitteau R., Raffray A.R., Shimada M., Stangeby P.C. Phy­sics basis and design of the ITER plasma-facing components. Journal Nuclear Material. 2011;415(1): S957–S964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.01.114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitts R.A., Corpentier S., Escourbiac F., Hirai T., Komarov V., Kukushkin A.S., Lisgo S., Loarte A., Merola M., Mitteau R., Raffray A.R., Shimada M., Stangeby P.C. Phy­sics basis and design of the ITER plasma-facing components. Journal Nuclear Material. 2011;415(1): S957–S964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.01.114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zucchetti M., Di Pace L., El-Guebali L., Kolbasov B.N., Massaut V., Pampin R., Wilson P.H. The back end of the fusion materials cycle. Fusion Science and Technology. 2009:109–139. https://doi.org/10.13182/FST09-12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zucchetti M., Di Pace L., El-Guebali L., Kolbasov B.N., Massaut V., Pampin R., Wilson P.H. The back end of the fusion materials cycle. Fusion Science and Technology. 2009:109–139. https://doi.org/10.13182/FST09-12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gervash A., Mazul I., Yablokov N. Alternative SS/CuCrZr joining methods for ITER. In: ICFRM-10. Baden-Baden, 2001. P. 129–134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gervash A., Mazul I., Yablokov N. Alternative SS/CuCrZr joining methods for ITER. In: ICFRM-10. Baden-Baden, 2001. P. 129–134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavassoli A.A. Assessment of austenitic stainless steel. Fusion Engineering and Design. 1995;29:371–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(95)80044-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavassoli A.A. Assessment of austenitic stainless steel. Fusion Engineering and Design. 1995;29:371–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(95)80044-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asano K., Katsura R., Kawano S., Koshiishi M. Thick plate welding of irradiated stainless steel. Effect of irradiation on materials: In: 19th International Symposium. ASTM STP12443S. 2000. P. 944–958. https://www.doi.org/10.1520/STP12443S</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asano K., Katsura R., Kawano S., Koshiishi M. Thick plate welding of irradiated stainless steel. Effect of irradiation on materials: In: 19th International Symposium. ASTM STP12443S. 2000. P. 944–958. https://www.doi.org/10.1520/STP12443S</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korostelev A., Abramov V., Bashnin A. Assessment of metallurgical quality and mechanical properties of the 316LN-IG steel produced by different technologies. Abstracts 8 International Conference on Fusion Reactor Materials, October 26–31, 1997, Sendai, Japan. P. 207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korostelev A., Abramov V., Bashnin A. Assessment of metallurgical quality and mechanical properties of the 316LN-IG steel produced by different technologies. Abstracts 8 International Conference on Fusion Reactor Materials, October 26–31, 1997, Sendai, Japan. P. 207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanov A.D., Nikolaev A.K., Kalinin G.M, Rodin M.E. Effect of heat treatment on the properties of CuCrZr alloys. Journal Nuclear Material. 2002;307-311(1):673–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01110-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov A.D., Nikolaev A.K., Kalinin G.M, Rodin M.E. Effect of heat treatment on the properties of CuCrZr alloys. Journal Nuclear Material. 2002;307-311(1):673–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01110-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gervash A., Mazul I., Yablokov N., Ganenko A. Comparative strength analysis and therma fatigue testing of Be/CuCrZr and Be/GlidCop joints produced by fast brazing. Fusion Technology. 2000;38(3):278–282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gervash A., Mazul I., Yablokov N., Ganenko A. Comparative strength analysis and therma fatigue testing of Be/CuCrZr and Be/GlidCop joints produced by fast brazing. Fusion Technology. 2000;38(3):278–282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колбасов Б.Н., Хрипунов В.И., Бирюков А.Ю. Применение бериллия в термоядерных реакторах: ресурсы, примеси, детритизация после облучения. Вопросы атомной науки и техники. Серия: Термоядерный синтез. 2013;36(4):3–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolbasov B.N., Khripunov V.I., Biryukov A.Yu. Some thoughts about beryllium resources, impurities in it and necessity of its detritiation after irradiation. Voprosy atom­noi nauki i tekhniki. Seriya: Termoyadernyi sintez. 2013;36(4):3–12. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barabash V., Eaton R., Hirai T., Kupriyanov I., Nikolaev G., Zhanhong Wang, Xiang Liu, Roedig M., Linke J. Beryllium qualification activity for ITER first wall applications. In: 13th International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components for Fusion Applications / 1st International Conference on Fusion Energy Material Science (Rosenheim, Germany, 09–13 May, 2011). P. 3–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barabash V., Eaton R., Hirai T., Kupriyanov I., Nikolaev G., Zhanhong Wang, Xiang Liu, Roedig M., Linke J. Beryllium qualification activity for ITER first wall applications. In: 13th International Workshop on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components for Fusion Applications / 1st International Conference on Fusion Energy Material Science (Rosenheim, Germany, 09–13 May, 2011). P. 3–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kupriyanov I.B., Khomutov А.M., Nikolaev G.N., Gor­levsky V.V., Markushkin Yu.E., Chakin V.P., Gervash A.A., Kalashnikov A.N., Kolbasov B.N. Status of beryllium R&amp;D activities in Russian Federation. In: Proceedings 7th IEA International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (Santa Barbara, California, USA, 29 November – 2 December 2005). Р. 8–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupriyanov I.B., Khomutov А.M., Nikolaev G.N., Gor­levsky V.V., Markushkin Yu.E., Chakin V.P., Gervash A.A., Kalashnikov A.N., Kolbasov B.N. Status of beryllium R&amp;D activities in Russian Federation. In: Proceedings 7th IEA International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (Santa Barbara, California, USA, 29 November – 2 December 2005). Р. 8–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frants Ye., Kolmakov M., Zorin B., Kylyshkanov M., Podoinikov M., Udartsev S., Vechkutov A., Vladimirov P., Chakin V., Gaisin R. Beryllides – experience of UMP JSC in development and testing. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-15) (Karlsruhe, Germany, 14–15 September, 2022). P. 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5445/KSP/1000156312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frants Ye., Kolmakov M., Zorin B., Kylyshkanov M., Podoinikov M., Udartsev S., Vechkutov A., Vladimirov P., Chakin V., Gaisin R. Beryllides – experience of UMP JSC in development and testing. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-15) (Karlsruhe, Germany, 14–15 September, 2022). P. 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5445/KSP/1000156312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zmitko M., Vladimirov P., Chakin V., Spagnuolo A.G. The HCPB test blanket module: current status in development and qualification of beryllium materials and an overview of open issues. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-15) (Karlsruhe, Germany, 14–15 September, 2022). P. 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5445/KSP/1000156312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zmitko M., Vladimirov P., Chakin V., Spagnuolo A.G. The HCPB test blanket module: current status in development and qualification of beryllium materials and an overview of open issues. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-15) (Karlsruhe, Germany, 14–15 September, 2022). P. 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5445/KSP/1000156312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith K., Frehn A. Overview of the United States beryl­lium industry – 2022 Update. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-15) (Karlsruhe, Germany, 14–15 September, 2022). P. 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5445/KSP/1000156312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith K., Frehn A. Overview of the United States beryl­lium industry – 2022 Update. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Beryllium Technology (BeWS-15) (Karlsruhe, Germany, 14–15 September, 2022). P. 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5445/KSP/1000156312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belyakov V., Mazul I., Strebkov Yu. Manufacturing and testing of large-scale mock-ups of ITER plasma facing components in Russia. Fusion Engineering and Design. 2002;61–62:129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(02)00225-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belyakov V.,  Mazul I.,  Strebkov Yu. Manufacturing and testing of large-scale mock-ups of ITER plasma facing components in Russia. Fusion Engineering and Design. 2002;61–62:129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(02)00225-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gervash A., Giniyatulin R., Mazul I., Watson R. Beryllium armoured mock-ups for fusion high heat flux application. In: Proceedings of the 20th SOFT. Marseille, France, 1998. Р. 47–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gervash A., Giniyatulin R., Mazul I., Watson R. Beryllium armoured mock-ups for fusion high heat flux application. In: Proceedings of the 20th SOFT. Marseille, France, 1998. Р. 47–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gervash A., Giniyatulin R., Komarov V., Mazul I. Comparative thermal cyclic testing and strength investigation of different Be/Cu joints. Fusion Engineering and Design. 1998;(39–40):543–549.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gervash A., Giniyatulin R., Komarov V., Mazul I. Comparative thermal cyclic testing and strength investigation of different Be/Cu joints. Fusion Engineering and Design. 1998;(39–40):543–549.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gervash A., Mazul I., Belyakov V., Yablokov N. Manufacturing and testing of Be first wall mock-up for ITER. В сб.: Труды V рабочей группы Международного энергетического агенства по бериллию. Перспективные Материалы. Спец. выпуск. М.: Интерконтакт Наука, 2002. C. 20–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gervash A., Mazul I., Belyakov V., Yablokov N. Manufacturing and testing of Be first wall mock-up for ITER. In: 5 IEA Workshop on Beryllium technologies for fusion. Perspektivnye materiali. Special issue. Moscow; Interkontakt Nauka, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Люшинский А.В. Диффузионная сварка разнородных материалов. М.: Изд. центр «Академия», 2006. 208 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyshinsky A.V. Diffusion welding of dissimilar materials. Moscow: Izdatelskii Tsentr «Academiya», 2006. 208 р. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трыков Ю.П., Гуревич Л.М., Арисова В.Н. Диффузия в слоистых композитах. Волгоград: РПК «Политехник», 2006. 402 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trykov Yu.P., Gurevich L.M., Arisova V.N. Diffusion in layered composites. Volgograd: RPK «Polytechnik», 2006. 402 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барвинок В.А., Бордаков П.А., Мордасов В.И., Усольцев А.Л., Олексийко С.М. Повышение прочности соединений из разнородных материалов при диффузионной сварке и пайке. Проблемы машиностроения и автоматизации. 1999;3:79–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barwinok V.A., Bordakov P.A., Mordasov V.I., Usol­tsev A.L., Oleksiyko S.M. Increasing the strength of joints made of dissimilar materials during diffusion welding and soldering. Problemy mashinostroenija i avtomatizatsii. 1999;3:79–83. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gervash A., Mazul I., Litunovsky N., Pokrovsky A. Thermal fatigue properties and results of in-pile integrated test of Be/CuCrZr and Be/GlidCop joints produced by fast brazing. В сб.: Труды V рабочей группы Международного энергетического агенства по бериллию. Перспективные Материалы. Спец. выпуск. М.: Интерконтакт Наука, 2002. C. 44–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gervash A., Mazul I., Litunovsky N., Pokrovsky A. Thermal fatigue properties and results of in-pile integrated test of Be/CuCrZr and Be/GlidCop joints produced by fast brazing. In: Sb. tr. V rabochei gruppy Mezhdunarodnogo Energeticheskogo Agenstva po berilliyu. Perspektivnie Materialy. Special issue. Moscow: Interkontakt Nauka, 2002. P. 44–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ананьин В.М., Гладков В.П., Зотов В.С., Скоров Д.М. Диффузионные процессы в бериллии. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1981. 75 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ananyin V.M., Gladkov V.P., Zotov V.S., Skorov D.M. Diffusion processes in beryllium. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1981. 75 р. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Порошковая металлургия. Спеченные и композиционные материалы. Под ред. В. Шатта. М.: Металлургия, 1983. 520 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powder metallurgy. Sintered and composite materials (Ed. V. Shatt). Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1983. 520 р. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диффузионная сварка материалов: Справочник. Под ред. Казакова Н.Ф. М.: Машиностроение, 1981. 271 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diffusion welding of materials. Directory (Ed. Kazakov N.F.). Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1981. 271 р. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Папиров И.И. Структура и свойства сплавов бериллия: Справочник. М.: Энергоиздат, 1981. 367 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papirov I.I. Structure and properties of beryllium alloys: Directory. Moscow: Energoizdat, 1981. 367 р. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
